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Special telephones on the Gold Gate Bridge link directly to suicide crisis hotlines.

Sign promoting a 24/vii crisis text line on the Golden Gate Span

Golden Gate Bridge as seen from below

Betwixt 1937 and 2012, an estimated 1,400 bodies were recovered of people who had jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, located in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States.[1]

In 2013, 118 potential jumpers were talked down from their attempt and did not leap.[2] As of 2013[update], information technology is estimated that 34 people have survived later on jumping.[iii] Some die instantly from internal injuries, while others drown or die of hypothermia.[4]

A number of measures are in place to discourage people from jumping, including telephone hotlines and patrols by emergency personnel and bridge workers. Although it had previously been considered impractical to build a suicide barrier, in 2014, the span'due south directors canonical a proposal for a cyberspace below the bridge'due south deck, extending out either side, rather than side barriers at the railings equally had long been proposed.

Background [edit]

Suicides mapped by location, as of 2005

Official count of the jumpers ended in 1995, with a full of 997 jumpers.

The deck of the span is most 245 anxiety (75 chiliad) above the water.[5] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the h2o at around 75 mph (120 km/h). Almost of the jumpers die due to impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact merely generally drown or die of hypothermia in the common cold water.[vi] [vii]

Most suicidal jumps from the bridge accept occurred on the side facing the bay.[8]

An official suicide count was kept until the year 1995,[ix] sorted according to which of the bridge's 128 lamp posts the jumper was nearest when he or she jumped.[ten] The official count ended on June 5, 1995 on the 997th spring;[eleven] jumper No. 1000, Eric Atkinson (25), jumped on July three, 1995.[9] Consequently, Marin County coroner Ken Holmes asked local media to stop reporting the full number of jumpers.[12] By 2012 the unofficial count exceeded i,600 (in which the body was recovered or someone saw the bound)[1] and new suicides were occurring about once every two weeks, according to a San Francisco Relate analysis.[xiii] The well-nigh suicides in one month were in August 2013, when ten jumped. The total count for the yr 2013 was 46, with an additional 118 attempts prevented, making it the year with the highest tally so far.[7] [12] [14] The rate of incidence of attempts has risen to well-nigh 1 every other twenty-four hours.[12] The youngest known jumper is five-twelvemonth-old Marilyn DeMont; in 1945, she was told to jump by her father who followed her.[i] [fifteen]

For comparison, the Aokigahara Forest in Nihon, has a tape of 108 bodies, found inside the forest in 2004, with an average of 30 a year.[16] There were 34 bridge-jump suicides in 2006 whose bodies were recovered, in addition to four jumps that were witnessed merely whose bodies were never recovered, and several bodies recovered suspected to exist from bridge jumps. The California Highway Patrol removed 70 apparently suicidal people from the bridge that yr.[17]

There is no accurate figure on the number of suicides or completed jumps since 1937, because many were not witnessed. People have been known to travel to San Francisco specifically to jump off the bridge, and may take a bus or cab to the site; police sometimes detect abandoned rental cars in the parking lot. Currents below the bridge are strong and some jumpers accept more than than probable been washed out to sea without being seen.

The height, depth, and length of the span from end to end, looking west.

The fatality charge per unit of jumping is roughly 98%. As of July 2013, only 34 people are known to have survived the jump.[3] Those who do survive strike the water feet-showtime and at a slight bending, although individuals may still sustain broken bones or internal injuries. 1 young adult female, Sarah Rutledge Birnbaum, survived, merely returned to leap again and died the 2d time.[18] One beau survived a jump in 1979, swam to shore, and collection himself to a hospital. The bear on cracked several of his vertebrae.[19]

Engineering professor Natalie Jeremijenko, every bit part of her "Bureau of Inverse Technology" fine art collective, created a "Despondency Alphabetize" by correlating the Dow Jones Industrial Average with the number of jumpers detected by "Suicide Boxes" containing motion-detecting cameras, which she claimed to accept fix under the span.[twenty] The boxes purportedly recorded 17 jumps in three months, far greater than the official count. The Whitney Museum, although questioning whether Jeremijenko'south suicide-detection technology actually existed, nevertheless included her project in its prestigious Whitney Biennial.[21]

The Aureate Gate Bridge is referred to by Krista Tippett as a "suicide magnet."[22]

Prevention and intervention [edit]

Various methods take been tried to physically prevent people from committing suicide from the bridge. It is fitted with suicide-hotline telephones and staff patrol the span in carts, looking for people who appear to be planning to jump. The bridge is now airtight to pedestrians at night. Cyclists are withal permitted across at night, but can buzz themselves in and out through the remotely controlled security gates.[23] Attempts to introduce a suicide barrier accept been thwarted by engineering difficulties, loftier costs, and public opposition.[24] I recurring proposal had been to build a barrier to supplant or augment the depression railing, a component of the span's original architectural design, every bit amended by the second designer in the final design.[A] New barriers accept eliminated suicides at other landmarks effectually the world, but were opposed for the Aureate Gate Bridge for reasons of cost, aesthetics, and safety, as the load from a poorly designed barrier could significantly affect the bridge'southward structural integrity during a potent windstorm. Despite these concerns, on June 27, 2014, California canonical a funding plan to install a suicide barrier.[25]

A volunteer grouping called the Bridgewatch Angels was founded by Pleasanton Law Lieutenant, Mia Munayer, in 2011. During every major holiday and while off-duty, Munayer mobilizes hundreds of volunteers to patrol the bridge looking for anyone who may be contemplating suicide. Before embarking on their forenoon or afternoon shifts, Bridgewatch Angels volunteers receive training on the warning signs of someone in crisis, indirect and direct ways to appoint with people walking lone on the bridge, and safety protocol when interacting with a suicidal person requiring police intervention. Each Bridgewatch event is defended to the retention of a person who jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge and their family joins the Bridgewatch Angels as they walk together to honor the memory of their loved one. The Bridgewatch Angels are credited with making dozens of interventions each year.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Suicide rescue [edit]

In addition to Aureate Gate span patrol, law enforcement, and emergency medical personnel, there are Gilt Gate Bridge ironworkers who volunteer their time to forestall suicides past talking to or wrestling down suicidal people.[30] Ane of the ironworkers, Ken Hopper, began working at the span in the mid-1980s and sees the volunteer rescue duty as "office of the task". Called "Cowboys of the Sky", they have the equipment and knowledge of the bridge, as well as the feel working at extreme heights, giving them the qualifications to go over the rail and assist those in need. While the feel of the volunteers minimize the danger of falling, there are however risks encountered. Ironworkers have reported knives being pulled on them, seeing loaded guns on would-exist jumpers, and having been bitten. When a law psychologist is on scene, they volition charabanc the volunteer rescuers by radio and the ironworkers are provided seminars on suicide prevention. As of 2001, Hopper reported having rescued thirty suicidal individuals and losing two. He was a kickoff-hand witness to the Steven Page murder/suicide, where a father, who had just murdered his wife, threw his toddler-daughter off the bridge and then jumped off the bridge himself.

"Hopper'south Hands", hand silhouettes of bridge ironworker and volunteer suicide rescue worker, Ken Hopper[31]

"Hopper'due south Hands" were created in role as a legacy of the ironworkers volunteering for suicide rescue duty. After Hopper spotted waterfront joggers touching the fence at the sidewalk dead-end nearly Fort Signal earlier turning dorsum, he asked the bridge'southward sign painter to create a sign with ii hand print silhouettes on information technology. The signs are now at both ends of the bridge.[32]

Strong appeals for a suicide bulwark, argue, or other preventive measures were raised again by a well-organized vocal minority of psychiatry professionals, suicide barrier consultants, and families of jumpers commencement in January 2005. These efforts were given momentum by two films dealing with the topic of suicide and the Aureate Gate Bridge. On January xiv, 2005 the San Francisco Relate published an open up letter by writer–manager Jenni Olson calling for a suicide bulwark on the Golden Gate Bridge.[33] The alphabetic character was, in office, an excerpt from the script of her film The Joy of Life, which world-premiered the post-obit week, on January 20, 2005, at the Sundance Film Festival. The mean solar day before, on January xix, 2005, the Chronicle broke the news that filmmaker Eric Steel had been shooting suicide leaps from the bridge during 2004 for his motion picture The Bridge, which would exist released in 2006. A week later, The Joy of Life globe-premiered at the Sundance Moving picture Festival and video copies of the film were circulated to members of the Span District board of directors with the help of the Psychiatric Foundation of Northern California.

In the fall of 2005 the San Francisco Relate published a 7-part serial of manufactures, titled "Lethal Beauty", focusing on the problem of suicide and the Golden Gate Span and emphasizing that a solution was not but possible, but even desirable.[6]

California Highway patrolman Kevin Briggs is credited with saving hundreds of lives of would-exist jumpers by talking to them earlier they can take the plunge.[34] The CHP estimates that with the help of cameras and the volunteers, at to the lowest degree 80–xc% of people intending to bound are prevented from doing so.[35]

Suicide barrier [edit]

Representative Nancy Pelosi joins the families of Golden Gate Bridge suicide victims in 2017 to celebrate the construction of a suicide-prevention barrier on the bridge

On October 10, 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge and Transportation District Lath of Directors voted fifteen to 1 for the preferred option of installing a plastic-covered stainless steel net below the bridge as a suicide deterrent.[36] The netting bulwark was initially estimated to price $40–l million to complete.[37] [38] [39] On July 28, 2010, the board received $5 million from the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) towards conducting a final design written report of the barrier.[40] Nevertheless, a funding source for the overall project yet had not been identified, and there was business that this lack of funding could filibuster the net's deployment.[41]

The lack of funding for the project connected to delay the schedule of completion.[42] In 2012, President Barack Obama enacted the Transportation Re-authorization Neb permitting federal funding towards transportation infrastructure projects. Initially, the bill did not divert funding automatically. Nonetheless, advocates of the barrier, such every bit 'Bridge Rail Foundation', were eventually successful in securing support for the project in 2014.[43] In March 2014, The New York Times reported that information technology was expected that the directors of the Span Commune would vote to change its policy and allow the utilise of toll money to supplement governmental funds for a suicide bulwark.[12]

Installation of the suicide barriers, February 2020

The proposed suicide barrier will consist of stainless steel netting stretching 20 feet (vi.1 grand) out on either side of the bridge, and 20 feet below the bridge. Funding for edifice this barrier was unanimously approved past the Golden Gate Bridge Board of Directors on June 27, 2014. The MTC approved to contribute $27 million of the $76-million overall toll for the project, and federal, country, and local government will too contribute to the project.[44] [45] The pattern was finalized in December 2014; however the project was delayed due to concerns from the National Park Service about storing construction materials at the site for the estimated 3 years information technology will have to complete the work.[46]

Fabrication of the stainless-steel netting and structural pieces began offsite in May 2017 after years of debate and installation of the netting on-site began in August 2018. The netting was scheduled to exist complete in 2021 at a projected cost of $211 meg.[47] [48] [49] In 2019, lead contractor AECOM reported a delay until 2023. District officials attributed the delay to the original lead contractor, Shimmick Construction, having underbid the project, and to its 2017 acquisition by AECOM.[50]

Incidents [edit]

Harold B. Wobber [edit]

The first known intentional death from the Aureate Gate Span occurred when the bridge was just a little over three months past its opening. In Baronial 1937, 47-yr-old World War I veteran Harold Wobber was employed every bit a bargeman and took a omnibus to the span. Later on he got off the jitney, Wobber started down the pedestrian walkway of the 1.6-mile bridge. On the way, he started talking to a higher professor from Connecticut, on holiday in the San Francisco expanse. During the stroll, Wobber took off his coat and vest, threw them to the man, and declared, "This is where I go off. I'm going to leap." The vacationing professor grabbed the man's chugalug, simply Wobber was able to go free and jumped over the four-foot-high runway to his decease in the San Francisco Bay. Afterward his death, newspapers reported Wobber was "a victim of beat out daze" who had been undergoing mental health treatment.[51] [52] [53] [54]

Newspaper clipping from the San Francisco Examiner of the youngest jumper, Marilyn DeMont (5)

Baronial and Marilyn DeMont [edit]

Until 1993, the youngest decease off the bridge was 5-year-old Marilyn DeMont, in 1945. With the child standing on a girder but exterior the bridge's railing, her begetter, 37-year-onetime elevator installation foreman Baronial DeMont, commanded her to jump. August DeMont followed by diving "gracefully" later her. A simple annotation was found in the DeMont machine stating, "I and my daughter accept committed suicide."[55]

Charles Due south. Gallagher Sr. and Jr. [edit]

In 1954, Charles South. Gallagher Sr. was director of the San Jose Merchants Clan in San Jose, California. Later returning from two weeks of vacation, he discovered the audit his visitor began before he left was ongoing. Gallagher told his co-workers he was leaving briefly to get coffee. Rather than doing so, he collection to the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge, parked, and jumped.

Four days later, Gallagher's 24-yr-sometime son, Charles Due south. Gallagher Jr., drove the aforementioned sedan endemic past his begetter to the same expanse and jumped from approximately the same location. A pre-med pupil at UCLA, Gallagher Jr. left a note that said, "I am sorry. . . . I want to go on dad visitor."[55]

Marc Salinger [edit]

28-yr-former Marc Salinger, oldest son of onetime Kennedy Administration press secretarial assistant Pierre Salinger,[56] jumped to his death from the bridge on February 9, 1977. While Salinger had known John F. Kennedy through his father's professional association with the president, he had besides known him on a personal level. According to his family, Salinger, who had occasionally been Kennedy's golf game caddy, never got over the president'southward assassination. Subsequently Salinger's mother had identified the torso, the San Francisco Coroner's Office appear Salinger'south expiry to the printing. A resident of the San Francisco Bay Surface area at the fourth dimension of his decease, Salinger was buried in San Mateo County.[57]

Steven and Kellie Page [edit]

On Jan 28, 1993, Steven Page murdered his married woman Nancy so threw his daughter Kellie off the Aureate Gate Bridge, before jumping off the bridge himself.[58] [59] [threescore] [61] [62] [63] [64]

Page worked as a heir-apparent at Owaga-Mune Nursery in Fremont, California.[65] The Page family unit abode was in Fremont, merely Folio maintained a divide apartment after he and his married woman separated. At 10:00 am on Jan 28, Page drove to their Fremont house and murdered his wife with a 12 gauge shotgun. He then left a message for his mother-in-law to pick upwardly his nine-year-old stepson from school. Afterwards arriving at the Page home, she discovered the trunk of her girl.[62] [65] Page, after killing his wife, drove with their three-year-erstwhile daughter, Kellie, to the Gilded Gate Span.[62] Highway patrol officers noticed Page walking along the bridge carrying a packet and recognized it to be a minor child. After being approached by the officers because of his unusual behavior, Page threw Kellie over the railing, and then climbed over the railing himself and jumped off.[66] Following the incident, investigators were puzzled past Page's apparent lack of psychological indicators prior to the murder/suicide.[67]

U.S. Coast Guard spokesperson Shelly Freier stated the USCG had recovered the bodies of both father and girl past the next day, January 29.[68] An amends letter addressed to Page'due south stepson, who was at school at the time of all three deaths, was found at the family dwelling house. In the letter Page apologized for what he had washed, showing premeditation for both the murders of his wife and daughter as well every bit his suicide.[68]

Roy Raymond [edit]

On Baronial 26, 1993, Roy Raymond, the founder of Victoria's Hugger-mugger, died after intentionally jumping off of the Golden Gate Span at the historic period of 46. Last seen walking toward the bridge, Raymond's body was shortly thereafter washed up on a shoreline in Marin Canton; investigators concluded that he had committed suicide by jumping from the bridge.[69]

Paul Aladdin Alarab [edit]

Originally surviving a fall from the Gilded Gate in 1988, Paul Aladdin Alarab died on March 19, 2003, when he jumped from the span in protest of the United States' invasion of Iraq. Alarab, whose begetter was born in Republic of iraq, was a 44-year-old real manor amanuensis from Kensington, California, who climbed over a railing on the east side of the span, mid-span. Tying one end of a rope to the bridge and wrapping the other end of the rope around his artillery, Alarab then demanded to talk to media. Law enforcement tried to talk him back over the railing while he read a statement he had written denouncing the war started earlier that day. After finishing the statement, he permit go of the rope and fell 235 anxiety to the water. His body was recovered almost immediately, but Alarab did not survive the autumn.

In 1988, still, he had survived a similar fall from the bridge that occurred while lowering himself into a garbage tin can that was hanging from a sixty-foot rope off the bridge. At that time, he was protesting what he saw as mistreatment of the elderly and the handicapped. In the 1988 incident, he lost his grip on the rope and brutal into San Francisco Bay, surviving with three cleaved ribs and both lungs complanate. The first incident was considered an blow. Following the 1988 incident, Alarab told a reporter from the San Francisco Relate, "It seemed like the fall lasted forever. I was praying for God to give me another chance. I was too wondering about how I would hit, because that is what determines if you will live or die." While his friends, family, and co-workers did not believe his expiry was an intentional suicide, investigators came to a different conclusion based on his having allow go of the rope. Retired UCSF professor of psychiatry Jerome Motto stated that Alarab might have been disturbed by the outbreak of the war and "that previously bearable pain suddenly became intolerable."[lxx]

Gene Sprague [edit]

On May 11, 2004, Gene Sprague,[71] a native of San Mateo, California, committed suicide by jumping off the Aureate Gate Bridge. His expiry is documented in the 2006 film The Bridge. During the filming of The Bridge, the coiffure noticed Sprague walking back and along along the bridge for around ninety minutes, before stopping to lean over the railing. According to Eric Steel, the motion-picture show's managing director, Sprague's behavior was normal enough to not attract the attention of the on-set suicide prevention teams. As seen in the end of the film, after watching the h2o for a infinitesimal or 2, Sprague pulled himself over the railing, stood up and fell backwards into the San Francisco Bay.

Casey Joanna Brooks [edit]

On January 29, 2008, 17-year-old Casey Brooks of Tiburon, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge.[72] Considering her torso was never recovered, her friend had benches installed every bit a memorial.[73] Located on Strawberry Vista in Mill Valley, the original memorial had to exist replaced due to a dispute with owner of the property the bench was located on beingness uncomfortable.[74] In March and April 2020, the benches were vandalized twice.[75] John Brooks has written a book, The Girl Backside the Door, on their feel and journey of losing Casey.[76]

Sean Moylan [edit]

On June 5, 2014, at 4:22 pm, 27-year-one-time Sean Moylan of Novato, California, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, ending his life. The Coast Guard pulled Moylan'due south body out of the waters below the bridge. Moylan was the grandson of John Moylan, a longtime fellow member of the Golden Gate District board of directors who campaigned for the installation of suicide barriers on the bridge. The elderberry Moylan was president of the board when, in 2008, a celebrated decision was made to build the barrier at a cost of $68 million. John Moylan referred to his grandson'south death as "heartbreaking"; however, he did not arraign it on the lack of a barrier. Sean Moylan already had attempted suicide in Feb 2014; later on a breakup with his girlfriend, Moylan walked in front of a truck in Oregon and was critically injured.[77]

Simulated suicides and survivors [edit]

Along with confirmed suicide deaths and suicide attempts at the bridge, there have been false suicides every bit well. The beginning documented instance of "pseudocide"[ citation needed ] at the Golden Gate Span was in 1948. 47-year-former Chris J. Christensen was a well-known local jeweler who had been recently elected to the San Francisco Lath of Supervisors. Christensen'southward coat was found fastened to a work box at the center span of the bridge with a notation in the coat that read, "Loved Ones: My fretfulness are shot. Please forgive me. Chris." Believed to have jumped from the bridge, Christensen was declared dead and rumors abounded. Investigators concluded he was unable to cope with the pressures of being in public office. There were reports of Christensen having get friendly with a man described every bit "willowy ... almost too skillful-looking to be considered handsome." While Christensen introduced the human to friends and colleagues as his nephew, it was learned the man was not a relative; rather, he was a Navy crewman whom Christensen met in a Los Angeles bar. Over a year had passed when it was discovered Christensen was really alive and selling Bibles in Houston, Texas. Constitute living in a low-hire rooming house and having lost twoscore pounds, Christensen explained that campaign contributors who supported his election had asked him to "do things he couldn't do." Christensen saw himself as a failure and never returned to San Francisco.[55]

In 1985, 28-year-old Kenneth Baldwin jumped over and survived. Rescued past the US Coast Guard, he suffered a few broken ribs and a hobbling lung.

On September 24, 2000, Kevin Hines was 19 years old, paranoid, and hallucinating when he jumped off the Golden Gate Span. Throwing himself headfirst over the bridge railing, he vicious 220 feet into San Francisco Bay. During the fall, his body rotated so that when he hit the h2o, he was in a sitting position, taking the impact in his legs and upwards through his back. Three of his vertebrae were shattered, lacerating his lower internal organs. A The states Coast Guard vessel rescued him, and he was transported to a hospital in San Francisco where he received emergency surgery. Following further, experimental surgery, he fabricated a complete recovery. Regarding his thoughts after the jump, he later said, "There was a millisecond of free fall. In that instant, I thought, what accept I merely washed? I don't desire to die. God, please save me." Following his suicide try, he appeared in a documentary film, The Bridge (2006) and was interviewed on CNN by Larry Male monarch. Additionally, he wrote a book almost his experience before and after his suicide attempt, Croaky, Not Broken, and became a mental health advocate equally well as a proponent for a bridge suicide bulwark or net to prevent such incidents.[78]

On March 10, 2011, 17-year-former Luhe "Otter" Vilagomez from Windsor High School in Windsor, California, survived a leap from the bridge, breaking his coccyx and puncturing one lung, though he said his try was for "fun" and not suicide. The teen was helped to shore by Frederic Lecouturier, 55, who was surfing under the bridge when he saw Vilagomez jump.[79] [lxxx] The California Highway Patrol recommended the San Francisco District Chaser'southward Office charge the educatee with misdemeanor trespassing (a charge that entails climbing any runway, cable, suspender rope, belfry or superstructure not intended for public use), punishable past up to a year in the county jail and/or a fine up to $10,000, and that the teenager undergo a medical/psychiatric evaluation by medical professionals.[81] [82]

Film documentaries [edit]

The Span [edit]

The Bridge is a 2006 British–American documentary film by Eric Steel, which spans 365 days of filming at the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge in 2004. The film captured a number of suicides, and featured interviews with family and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the span that twelvemonth.

The film was inspired by Tad Friend's 2003 article titled "Jumpers", written for The New Yorker magazine.[83] The film coiffure shot well-nigh 10,000 hours of footage, recording 23 of the known 24 suicides off the span in 2004.[84] [85]

In his article for The New Yorker, Friend wrote, "Survivors often regret their decision in midair, if not before". This observation is supported past survivor Ken Baldwin, who explained, "I instantly realized that everything in my life that I'd thought was unfixable was totally fixable—except for having only jumped."[86]

The 2006 release of The Span exerted additional pressure on the Span Commune and created connected public awareness. The motion-picture show too documented interviews with surviving family unit members of those who jumped, with witnesses, and with a survivor.

The Joy of Life [edit]

The Joy of Life, released in 2005, is an American documentary pic that recounts the chronological history of suicide at the Golden Gate Bridge. The film discusses key design changes fabricated to the bridge by architect Irving Morrow, notably the lowering of the pedestrian railing. It also explores the public discussions of the problem of suicide prevention over the decades, with a focus on local news coverage.[87]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The original pattern was for a five+ one⁄ii -foot-high argue, but it was reduced to four feet. Tad Friend: Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge, The New Yorker, October 13, 2003 v79 i30 page three

References [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicides_at_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge

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