How To Create Time Series Data In R

In R, we can use thets() function to create a time series object.

Usage

Below is a simplified format of thets function. For complete details use?ts in your R console.

          ts(data = NA, start = 1, end = numeric(), frequency = 1,  deltat = 1, names = )

data: a vector or matrix of the observed time-series values.
start: the time of the first observation.
end: the time of the last observation, specified in the same way as start.
frequency: the number of observations per unit of time.
deltat: the fraction of the sampling period between successive observations; e.g., 1/12 for monthly data. Only one of frequency or deltat should be provided.
names: a character vector of names for the series in a multiple series: defaults to the colnames of data, or Series 1, Series 2, ....

While you can have data containing dates and corresponding values in an R object of any other class such as a dataframe, creating objects of ts class offers many benefits such as the time index information. Also, when you plot a ts object, it automatically creates a plot over time.

Let's look at how we can create a time series object using thets class.

Dataset

For this example, we will use a dataset that consists of monthly prices of the S&P Composite Index for the last three years starting from July 2014 to June 2017. We load the original data in a data vector calledsp_vector.

          sp_vector <- c(1973.1,1961.53,1993.23,1937.27,2044.57,2054.27,2028.18,2082.2,2079.99,2094.86,2111.94,2099.29,2094.14,2039.87,1944.41,2024.81,2080.62,2054.08,1918.6,1904.42,2021.95,2075.54,2065.55,2083.89,2148.9,2170.95,2157.69,2143.02,2164.99,2246.63,2275.12,2329.91,2366.82,2359.31,2395.35,2433.99)

Print and Plot the Vector

We can first try to directly print and plot the vector to observe the dataset.

          > print(sp_vector)  [1] 1973.10 1961.53 1993.23 1937.27 2044.57 2054.27 2028.18 2082.20 2079.99 2094.86 2111.94 [12] 2099.29 2094.14 2039.87 1944.41 2024.81 2080.62 2054.08 1918.60 1904.42 2021.95 2075.54 [23] 2065.55 2083.89 2148.90 2170.95 2157.69 2143.02 2164.99 2246.63 2275.12 2329.91 2366.82 [34] 2359.31 2395.35 2433.99 >

          > plot(sp_vector) >

As you can see, the plot does not contain any time index information.

Creating Time Series Object

We can use thets() function to convert this vector into a time series object. Our data set contains monthly stock prices from July 2017 to June 2017. There are 12 observations per year starting from July 2014. So, we will set the frequency to 12 and the set start argument to c(2014,7) where the first value is the year and the second value is the month index (July).

          > sp_ts <- ts(sp_vector,start=c(2014,7),frequency=12)

We can print to check that we have the correct time series.

          > print(sp_ts)          Jan     Feb     Mar     Apr     May     Jun     Jul     Aug     Sep     Oct     Nov     Dec 2014                                                 1973.10 1961.53 1993.23 1937.27 2044.57 2054.27 2015 2028.18 2082.20 2079.99 2094.86 2111.94 2099.29 2094.14 2039.87 1944.41 2024.81 2080.62 2054.08 2016 1918.60 1904.42 2021.95 2075.54 2065.55 2083.89 2148.90 2170.95 2157.69 2143.02 2164.99 2246.63 2017 2275.12 2329.91 2366.82 2359.31 2395.35 2433.99 >